1. Outline of the Observations of the Fiscal 1996-1998
Shiro HATAKEYAMA
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Aircraft and intensive ground-based observations in accordance with PEACAMPOT (Perturbation by the East Asian Continental Air Mass to the Pacific Oceanic Troposphere) were started in fiscal 1991 as a five-year project under an initiative taken by National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). In fiscal 1991, these observations were successfully conducted as a part of international research based on IGAC (International Global Atmospheric Chemistry)/ APARE (East Asian/North Pacific Regional Experiment) program, including cooperation with PEM/WEST of NASA of the United States. In fiscal 1992, we conducted both aircraft observations over the Sea of Japan off the San'in Region and over the East China Sea off the southern coast of Cheju Island at four different altitudes for the purpose of measuring the vertical distribution of pollutants more thoroughly than in the previous year, and intensive ground-based observations in the Oki Islands and in Happo-one mountainous site during the same period. In fiscal 1993, our observations were conducted in concert with Phase B of PEM/WEST of NASA of the United States. Aircraft observations were carried out in early spring. At the same time, intensive ground-based observations were conducted in the Oki Islands and in Happo-one Mountain. In addition, the Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) conducted intensive ground-based observations on Cheju Island, Korea, during the same period as our observations, and provided us with their valuable data. With the same objective as in the past observations, intensive aircraft and ground-based observations were conducted in and over Yaku Island in fiscal 1994. Yaku Island is an area where valuable nature has been preserved, hence its designation by the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Nevertheless, this island is being jeopardized by environmental degradation, especially the destruction of forests. Thus, it was a matter of great interest to learn how the atmospheric pollutants transported from the Asian Continent affect the natural environment of Yaku Island. In fiscal 1995, as it was the final year of the project, the observations of that fiscal year focused mainly on the influence from low-polluted areas in the northeastern part of the Asian Continent. We conducted both ground-based and aircraft observations in the northern Sea of Japan. It was the main objective to see how air masses are transported not from areas with large-scale pollution sources such as China and Korea but from areas with few pollution sources such as the eastern part of Russia. All the data obtained by these observations have already been compiled and published as data books1-5) and data CD's6,7) From fiscal 1996 to 1998, the second phase of PEACAMPOT (PEACAMPOT II) was conducted based on Global Environment Research Fund of Japan Environment Agency. This study was conducted under the direction of the National Institute for Environmental Studies, again, on the basis of the project entitled "Studies on the Development of Comprehensive Model of Atmosphere-Soil and International Cooperative Field Survey to Clarify the Budget of Environment Acidifying Substances in East Asia". From the results of PEACAMPOT (experiments of '91-95) it became clear that there are three types of air masses transported mainly from northern part of Asian Continent.8) However, little was clarified about the transport from the central or southern part of China, where large emission sources exist. In the PEACAMPOT II the target area was confined to the north East China Sea in order to see the transport of air pollutants of central China origin. Three years experiments were performed in almost the same area as shown in Figure 1. Ground-based observations were made on Fukue Island The members of the experiments were as follows: Manager of aircraft observations: Shiro Hatakeyama (NIES) Manager of ground-based observations: Kentaro Murano (NIES) Members: Fumio Sakamaki (NIES), Hitoshi Mukai (NIES), Hiroshi Bandow (Osaka Prefecture University), Shigeru Tanaka and Yuichi Komazaki (both from Keio University), Akira Utsunomiya, Okihiro Ohishi, and Takaaki Shimohara (Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Science), and Takeshi Kamaya (Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences) |
| Aircraft Observations
The aircraft used for the three years observations was a Cessna 404 chartered from Showa Aviation Company (Its headquarters: 1-11-9, Minami-senba, Chuo-Ku, Osaka City). Table 1 shows the dimensions of this aircraft. The chairs in the passenger cabin were removed, racks were installed on the right half of the cabin, and various measuring instruments were installed on the racks. Table 2 shows the measuring instruments on board. Aboard the aircraft during the observation flight were a pilot, a copilot, a mechanic (who checked the location of the aircraft during the flight), and two researchers in charge of the observations. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the flight plans. The aircraft flew from the Nagasaki Omura Airport, and the observations were conducted in accordance with the following itineraries and courses: Nagasaki --> over the East China Sea south of Cheju Island, Korea --> Nagasaki. Observation flights were made on January 11 and 13, 1997 (course A-B) for fiscal 1996, December 9, 11, and 12, 1997 (course A-B') for fiscal 1997, and February 2, 4, and 6, 1999 (course A-B') for fiscal 1998. Tables 3-10 show the flight courses in more detail, including some partial changes due to meteorological and other reasons. These Tables also list temperatures and humidity during each observation, which are also shown graphically in Figures 2-9. Back trajectories Isentropic back trajectories are shown in Figures 10-35. Ground-Based Observations The intensive ground-based observations were conducted in Fukue Island from 8 January to 27 January, 1997 for fiscal 1996, from 1 December to 19 December, 1997 for fiscal 1997, and 26 January to 15 February, 1999 for fiscal 1998. Aerosol, acidic gases and ammonia gas were observed by filter pack method. References 1) S. Hatakeyama Ed., "Data of '91 IGAC/APARE/PEACAMPOT Survey," F-54-'93/NIES, National Institute for Environmental Studies, pp.205, 1993. (in Japanese) 2) S. Hatakeyama Ed., "Data of '92 IGAC/APARE/PEACAMPOT Survey," F-70-'94/NIES, National Institute for Environmental Studies, pp.132, 1994. (in Japanese) 3) S. Hatakeyama Ed., "Data of '93 IGAC/APARE/PEACAMPOT Survey," F-85-'95/NIES, National Institute for Environmental Studies, pp.231, 1995. (in Japanese). 4) S. Hatakeyama Ed., "Data of '94 IGAC/APARE/PEACAMPOT Survey," CGER-D010-'96, Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, pp.139, 1996. (in Japanese) 5) S. Hatakeyama Ed., "Data of '95 IGAC/APARE/PEACAMPOT Survey," CGER-D011-'96, Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, pp.170, 1996. (in Japanese) 6) S. Hatakeyama, Ed. "Data of IGAC/APARE/PEACAMPOT Aircraft and Ground-based Observations '91-'95 Collective Volume", CGER-D018(CD)-'97, Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, 1997. (in Japanese) 7) S. Hatakeyama, Ed. "Data of IGAC/APARE/PEACAMPOT Aircraft and Ground-based Observations '91-'95 Collective Volume", CGER-D014(CD)-'98, Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, 1998. 8) S. Hatakeyama, K. Murano, H. Mukai, F. Sakamaki, H. Bandow, I. Watanabe, M. Yamato, S. Tanaka, and H. Akimoto, J. Aerosol Res. Jpn., 12, 91-95 (1997). Figure Captions Fig. 1: Flight plans for the experiments in FY1996-1998. Fig. 2: Altitude, temperature and humidity during the experiment on January 11, 1997. Fig. 3: Altitude, temperature and humidity during the experiment on January 13, 1997. Fig. 4: Altitude, temperature and humidity during the experiment on December 9, 1997. Fig. 5: Altitude, temperature and humidity during the experiment on December 12, 1997. Fig. 6: Altitude, temperature and humidity during the experiment on December 13, 1997. Fig. 7: Altitude, temperature and humidity during the experiment on February 2, 1999. Fig. 8: Altitude, temperature and humidity during the experiment on February 4, 1999. Fig. 9: Altitude, temperature and humidity during the experiment on February 6, 1999. Fig. 10: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Jan. 11, 1997. Starting point: 32.5ºE, 128.0ºN, altitude 950 m, 11 a.m. (JST). Fig. 11: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Jan. 11, 1997. Starting point: 32.5ºE, 126.5ºN, altitude 850 m, 11 a.m. (JST). Fig. 12: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Jan. 11, 1997. Starting point: 32.5ºE, 126.0ºN, altitude 300 m, noon (JST). Fig. 13: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Jan. 11, 1997. Starting point: 32.5ºE, 127.5ºN, altitude 380 m, noon (JST). Fig. 14: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Jan. 13, 1997. Starting point: 32.5ºE, 128.0ºN, altitude 1000 m, 11 a.m. (JST). Fig. 15: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Jan. 13, 1997. Starting point: 32.5ºE, 126.5ºN, altitude 700 m, 11 a.m. (JST). Fig. 16: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Jan. 13, 1997. Starting point: 32.5ºE, 126.0ºN, altitude 300 m, noon (JST). Fig. 17: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Jan. 13, 1997. Starting point: 32.5ºE, 128.0ºN, altitude 300 m, noon (JST). Fig. 18: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Dec. 9, 1997. Starting point: 32.8ºE, 129.5ºN, altitude 2500 m, 11 a.m. (JST). Fig. 19: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Dec. 9, 1997. Starting point: 31.5ºE, 126.8ºN, altitude 2500 m, noon (JST). Fig. 20: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Dec. 9, 1997. Starting point: 31.2ºE, 126.3ºN, altitude 500 m, 1 p.m. (JST). Fig. 21: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Dec. 9, 1997. Starting point: 32.3ºE, 128.3ºN, altitude 500 m, 2 p.m. (JST). Fig. 22: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Dec. 12, 1997. Starting point: 32.5ºE, 128.8ºN, altitude 1000 m, 10 a.m. (JST). Fig. 23: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Dec. 12, 1997. Starting point: 31.2ºE, 126.3ºN, altitude 1000 m, 11 a.m. (JST). Fig. 24: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Dec. 12, 1997. Starting point: 31.7ºE, 127.2ºN, altitude 500 m, noon (JST). Fig. 25: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Dec. 12, 1997. Starting point: 32.4ºE, 128.8ºN, altitude 500 m, 1 p.m. (JST). Fig. 26: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Dec. 13, 1997. Starting point: 32.5ºE, 129.0ºN, altitude 1000 m, 10 a.m. (JST). Fig. 27: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Dec. 13, 1997. Starting point: 31.5ºE, 126.8ºN, altitude 1000 m, 11 a.m. (JST). Fig. 28: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Dec. 13, 1997. Starting point: 31.3ºE, 126.5ºN, altitude 500 m, noon (JST). Fig. 29: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Dec. 13, 1997. Starting point: 32.3ºE, 128.2ºN, altitude 500 m, 1 p.m. (JST). Fig. 30: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Feb. 2, 1999. Starting point: 31.9ºE, 127.6ºN, altitude 500 m, 11 a.m. (JST). Fig. 31: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Feb. 2, 1999. Starting point: 31.3ºE, 126.6ºN, altitude 2000 m, noon (JST). Fig. 32: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Feb. 4, 1999. Starting point: 32.1ºE, 128.0ºN, altitude 2500 m, 11 a.m. (JST). Fig. 33: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Feb. 4, 1999. Starting point: 32.3ºE, 128.3ºN, altitude 300 m, 1 p.m. (JST). Fig. 34: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Feb. 6, 1999. Starting point: 31.8ºE, 127.4ºN, altitude 2500 m, 11 a.m. (JST). Fig. 35: Back trajectory of the air mass caught on Feb. 6, 1999. Starting point: 31.4ºE, 126.7ºN, altitude 400 m, noon (JST). Tables Table 1: Specifications of CESSNA 404 (data from Showa Aviation Co.) Table 2: Observation items, methods and persons in charge. Table 3: Flight data, temperature, and relative humidity on January 11, 1997. Table 4: Flight data, temperature, and relative humidity on January 13, 1997. Table 5: Flight data, temperature, and relative humidity on December 9, 1997. Table 6: Flight data, temperature, and relative humidity on December 12, 1997. Table 7: Flight data, temperature, and relative humidity on December 13, 1997. Table 8: Flight data, temperature, and relative humidity on February 2, 1999. Table 9: Flight data, temperature, and relative humidity on February 4, 1999. Table 10: Flight data, temperature, and relative humidity on February 6, 1999. |